try new ubuntu 試試新的ubuntu

Ubuntu 確實頗受歡迎，因此這邊介紹一下怎麼把玩 ubuntu

首先，你必須先去下載 image file, 直接從這兒下載的話會有每日最新的，若從 ubuntu 首頁或ubuntu taiwan 下載的話，會是正式釋出版，通常較穩定。

接下來想當然爾，可以將之燒錄在光碟片中，這一點我不多說，燒完直接開機試用。
還有一種方法，就是用qemu(還有 kvm 等虛擬技術，不在此討論)來模擬光碟開機，但是這並非本文要談的。

另外一種方法是，將 iso 檔掛起來: mkdir -p iso; mount xxxx.iso iso -o loop，將 kernel, initrd, filesystem 複製到硬碟: cp -a iso/casper /，最後就是修改 /boot/grub/menu.lst, 底下僅供參考:


title Ubuntu, cdrom gutsy
root (hd0,3)
kernel /casper/vmlinuz boot=casper root=UUID=0627a896-4ecc-43b6-8b15-f36221aa11c6 resume=/dev/sda3 ro quiet splash
initrd /casper/initrd.gz
quiet
savedefault


上面 root (hd0,3) 是因為我的硬碟分割是第四塊，最好請參考你現有 /boot/menu.lst 來修改，可以複製目前開機(通常是第一個title)的來用。而 kernel 選項中有幾點要說：
1. root=UUID 那個每個人都會不一樣，不能照抄，以我的例子來說，也可以改成 root=/dev/sda4。這一點前面有說，我的硬碟使用的是第四個分割區，若您是第一個分割區的話，那就是 root=/dev/sda1
2. boot=casper 這一個是不可或缺的，它會設定 /casper/initrd.gz 裡的init 讀進/casper/filesystem.squashfs 當 root filesystem，否則你將會又用回原來的分割區當 root filesystem
3. resume=/dev/sda3 那項純粹是用來讓系統可以「休眠」用的，你可以省略，若你想休眠的話可以參考著用，/dev/sda3 必須是 swap 分割區，其實也可以指定檔案，不過不在此討論。

這邊討論的方式其實可以讓你有機會自己修改這個 squashfs 檔，直到滿意再來燒成光碟或其他後續處理，請參考 KNOPPIX remaster

雙方合作多版本 如何更新軟體 how to update your software version in multi partners

我們在與 chip 廠商合作開發產品時，有個軟體更新流程提供參考：

現狀：

1. Chip 開發其 demo board 的軟體，使其接近 turn key。軟體版本以 Vo 代表
2. 敝公司將修改 GUI 後的軟體 porting 上去，軟體版本以 Vo' 代表，也就是我們新增部份是 (Vo'-Vo)
3. 當我們測試產品有非 GUI 相關 bug 時，會請 chip 商修改，其軟體版本以 Vn 代表，回到 步驟 1. 2. 以便產生 Vn'
   

這邊提兩個 porting 的方式，其中 Vn 是 Chip 商提供的新版，Vo 是 Chip 商提供的舊版，而 Vn' 是我們 porting 欲Porting 至 Vn 後的新版，Vo' 是我們 Porting 至 Vo 後的舊版

1. Vn' = Vn + (Vo' - Vo) : 將兩個舊版比對差異後 porting 到 Vn


2. Vn' = (Vn - Vo) + Vo' : 將 Chip 商新舊版比對差異後 Porting 到 Vo'
   

以上兩個作法乍看之下效果是相同的，但是我這邊得花點時間來檢視其間的差異：

1. 當初期自行修改的 code 較少時，Vo'-Vo 的值會較小，看起來前者較優。相反的，初期 Vn - Vo 的值應該較大，不利於 Porting 到 Vo'。因此可以判定說：當 Chip 提供的 code 變異性很大時或我們新創的 GUI 方面的 code 較少時，採用前者較有利


2. 但是通常上面的情形比較不會發生，原因是 Chip 商提供的 code 通常一開始就已經相對龐大，或者說在後期通常只是針對 bug 在修正。在此情形下，若我們發現 (Vo' - Vo) > (Vn - Vo) 時，應該採後面的作法。


3. 另外一種考量其實無關兩個差值，我只想說，只有採行第二種作法才是正確的方式。
   
   1. 讓我們看看前者，當採用 (Vo'-Vo) 時，會給我們一種錯覺，認為這樣的差值我們最熟，最容易控制，加上當初就是這樣開發自己的 code for GUI，採用前者的作法似乎較受歡迎。
   
   
   2. 但是正如我說這是錯覺，其原因是你把假設建立在 Vn 一定是對的上面。若 Vo --> Vn 的發行是因為要修正 bug, 那很顯然 Vo 已經不對，而且也不保證 Vn - Vo 真的只修改到 bug 的部份。會不會有邊際效應？或者說會不會因為團隊開發使得 Vn 跟 Vo 做的變動你根本無法預期？
   
   
   3. 這邊要說的其實是，Vo' 是我們最熟的部份，也是我們知道 bug 在哪的狀態，那麼為何不是透過 (Vn-Vo) 來挑出 Chip 商到底做了哪些修正？再將這些修正挑選適合的移植到 Vo' 上？也就是說，其實我們得修正上面後者的公式為:
      
      Vn' = (Vn - Vo)' + Vo'
      
      值得注意的是，第一種作法是無法這樣修正的。
   
   

Iso639 language codes

ISO 639-2 Code	ISO 639-1 Code	English name of Language		ISO 639-2 Code	ISO 639-1 Code	English name of Language		ISO 639-2 Code	ISO 639-1 Code	English name of Language
aar	aa	Afar		arp		Arapaho		ber		Berber (Other)
abk	ab	Abkhazian		art		Artificial (Other)		bho		Bhojpuri
ace		Achinese		arw		Arawak		bih	bh	Bihari
ach		Acoli		asm	as	Assamese		bik		Bikol
ada		Adangme		ast		Asturian; Bable		bin		Bini; Edo
ady		Adyghe; Adygei		ath		Athapascan languages		bis	bi	Bislama
afa		Afro-Asiatic (Other)		aus		Australian languages		bla		Siksika
afh		Afrihili		ava	av	Avaric		bnt		Bantu (Other)
afr	af	Afrikaans		ave	ae	Avestan		tib/bod	bo	Tibetan
ain		Ainu		awa		Awadhi		bos	bs	Bosnian
aka	ak	Akan		aym	ay	Aymara		bra		Braj
akk		Akkadian		aze	az	Azerbaijani		bre	br	Breton
alb/sqi	sq	Albanian		bad		Banda languages		btk		Batak languages
ale		Aleut		bai		Bamileke languages		bua		Buriat
alg		Algonquian languages		bak	ba	Bashkir		bug		Buginese
alt		Southern Altai		bal		Baluchi		bul	bg	Bulgarian
amh	am	Amharic		bam	bm	Bambara		bur/mya	my	Burmese
ang		English, Old (ca.450-1100)		ban		Balinese		byn		Blin; Bilin
anp		Angika		baq/eus	eu	Basque		cad		Caddo
apa		Apache languages		bas		Basa		cai		Central American Indian (Other)
ara	ar	Arabic		bat		Baltic (Other)		car		Galibi Carib
arc		Official Aramaic (700-300 BCE); Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)		bej		Beja		cat	ca	Catalan; Valencian
arg	an	Aragonese		bel	be	Belarusian		cau		Caucasian (Other)
arm/hye	hy	Armenian		bem		Bemba		ceb		Cebuano
arn		Mapudungun; Mapuche		ben	bn	Bengali		cel		Celtic (Other)
cze/ces	cs	Czech		csb		Kashubian		gre/ell	el	Greek, Modern (1453-)
cha	ch	Chamorro		cus		Cushitic (Other)		elx		Elamite
chb		Chibcha		wel/cym	cy	Welsh		eng	en	English
che	ce	Chechen		cze/ces	cs	Czech		enm		English, Middle (1100-1500)
chg		Chagatai		dak		Dakota		epo	eo	Esperanto
chi/zho	zh	Chinese		dan	da	Danish		est	et	Estonian
chk		Chuukese		dar		Dargwa		baq/eus	eu	Basque
chm		Mari		day		Land Dayak languages		ewe	ee	Ewe
chn		Chinook jargon		del		Delaware		ewo		Ewondo
cho		Choctaw		den		Slave (Athapascan)		fan		Fang
chp		Chipewyan		ger/deu	de	German		fao	fo	Faroese
chr		Cherokee		dgr		Dogrib		per/fas	fa	Persian
chu	cu	Church Slavic; Old Slavonic; Church Slavonic; Old Bulgarian; Old Church Slavonic		din		Dinka		fat		Fanti
chv	cv	Chuvash		div	dv	Divehi; Dhivehi; Maldivian		fij	fj	Fijian
chy		Cheyenne		doi		Dogri		fil		Filipino; Pilipino
cmc		Chamic languages		dra		Dravidian (Other)		fin	fi	Finnish
cop		Coptic		dsb		Lower Sorbian		fiu		Finno-Ugrian (Other)
cor	kw	Cornish		dua		Duala		fon		Fon
cos	co	Corsican		dum		Dutch, Middle (ca.1050-1350)		fre/fra	fr	French
cpe		Creoles and pidgins, English based (Other)		dut/nld	nl	Dutch; Flemish		fre/fra	fr	French
cpf		Creoles and pidgins, French-based (Other)		dyu		Dyula		frm		French, Middle (ca.1400-1600)
cpp		Creoles and pidgins, Portuguese-based (Other)		dzo	dz	Dzongkha		fro		French, Old (842-ca.1400)
cre	cr	Cree		efi		Efik		frr		Northern Frisian
crh		Crimean Tatar; Crimean Turkish		egy		Egyptian (Ancient)		frs		Eastern Frisian
crp		Creoles and pidgins (Other)		eka		Ekajuk		fry	fy	Western Frisian
ful	ff	Fulah		gwi		Gwich'in		ile	ie	Interlingue
fur		Friulian		hai		Haida		ilo		Iloko
gaa		Ga		hat	ht	Haitian; Haitian Creole		ina	ia	Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association)
gay		Gayo		hau	ha	Hausa		inc		Indic (Other)
gba		Gbaya		haw		Hawaiian		ind	id	Indonesian
gem		Germanic (Other)		heb	he	Hebrew		ine		Indo-European (Other)
geo/kat	ka	Georgian		her	hz	Herero		inh		Ingush
ger/deu	de	German		hil		Hiligaynon		ipk	ik	Inupiaq
gez		Geez		him		Himachali		ira		Iranian (Other)
gil		Gilbertese		hin	hi	Hindi		iro		Iroquoian languages
gla	gd	Gaelic; Scottish Gaelic		hit		Hittite		ice/isl	is	Icelandic
gle	ga	Irish		hmn		Hmong		ita	it	Italian
glg	gl	Galician		hmo	ho	Hiri Motu		jav	jv	Javanese
glv	gv	Manx		scr/hrv	hr	Croatian		jbo		Lojban
gmh		German, Middle High (ca.1050-1500)		hsb		Upper Sorbian		jpn	ja	Japanese
goh		German, Old High (ca.750-1050)		hun	hu	Hungarian		jpr		Judeo-Persian
gon		Gondi		hup		Hupa		jrb		Judeo-Arabic
gor		Gorontalo		arm/hye	hy	Armenian		kaa		Kara-Kalpak
got		Gothic		iba		Iban		kab		Kabyle
grb		Grebo		ibo	ig	Igbo		kac		Kachin; Jingpho
grc		Greek, Ancient (to 1453)		ice/isl	is	Icelandic		kal	kl	Kalaallisut; Greenlandic
gre/ell	el	Greek, Modern (1453-)		ido	io	Ido		kam		Kamba
grn	gn	Guarani		iii	ii	Sichuan Yi		kan	kn	Kannada
gsw		Swiss German; Alemannic		ijo		Ijo languages		kar		Karen languages
guj	gu	Gujarati		iku	iu	Inuktitut		kas	ks	Kashmiri
geo/kat	ka	Georgian		kur	ku	Kurdish		mah	mh	Marshallese
kau	kr	Kanuri		kut		Kutenai		mai		Maithili
kaw		Kawi		lad		Ladino		mak		Makasar
kaz	kk	Kazakh		lah		Lahnda		mal	ml	Malayalam
kbd		Kabardian		lam		Lamba		man		Mandingo
kha		Khasi		lao	lo	Lao		mao/mri	mi	Maori
khi		Khoisan (Other)		lat	la	Latin		map		Austronesian (Other)
khm	km	Central Khmer		lav	lv	Latvian		mar	mr	Marathi
kho		Khotanese		lez		Lezghian		mas		Masai
kik	ki	Kikuyu; Gikuyu		lim	li	Limburgan; Limburger; Limburgish		may/msa	ms	Malay
kin	rw	Kinyarwanda		lin	ln	Lingala		mdf		Moksha
kir	ky	Kirghiz; Kyrgyz		lit	lt	Lithuanian		mdr		Mandar
kmb		Kimbundu		lol		Mongo		men		Mende
kok		Konkani		loz		Lozi		mga		Irish, Middle (900-1200)
kom	kv	Komi		ltz	lb	Luxembourgish; Letzeburgesch		mic		Mi'kmaq; Micmac
kon	kg	Kongo		lua		Luba-Lulua		min		Minangkabau
kor	ko	Korean		lub	lu	Luba-Katanga		mis		Uncoded languages
kos		Kosraean		lug	lg	Ganda		mac/mkd	mk	Macedonian
kpe		Kpelle		lui		Luiseno		mkh		Mon-Khmer (Other)
krc		Karachay-Balkar		lun		Lunda		mlg	mg	Malagasy
krl		Karelian		luo		Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)		mlt	mt	Maltese
kro		Kru languages		lus		Lushai		mnc		Manchu
kru		Kurukh		mac/mkd	mk	Macedonian		mni		Manipuri
kua	kj	Kuanyama; Kwanyama		mad		Madurese		mno		Manobo languages
kum		Kumyk		mag		Magahi		moh		Mohawk
mol	mo	Moldavian		nic		Niger-Kordofanian (Other)		paa		Papuan (Other)
mon	mn	Mongolian		niu		Niuean		pag		Pangasinan
mos		Mossi		dut/nld	nl	Dutch; Flemish		pal		Pahlavi
mao/mri	mi	Maori		nno	nn	Norwegian Nynorsk; Nynorsk, Norwegian		pam		Pampanga
may/msa	ms	Malay		nob	nb	Bokmål, Norwegian; Norwegian Bokmål		pan	pa	Panjabi; Punjabi
mul		Multiple languages		nog		Nogai		pap		Papiamento
mun		Munda languages		non		Norse, Old		pau		Palauan
mus		Creek		nor	no	Norwegian		peo		Persian, Old (ca.600-400 B.C.)
mwl		Mirandese		nqo		N'Ko		per/fas	fa	Persian
mwr		Marwari		nso		Pedi; Sepedi; Northern Sotho		phi		Philippine (Other)
bur/mya	my	Burmese		nub		Nubian languages		phn		Phoenician
myn		Mayan languages		nwc		Classical Newari; Old Newari; Classical Nepal Bhasa		pli	pi	Pali
myv		Erzya		nya	ny	Chichewa; Chewa; Nyanja		pol	pl	Polish
nah		Nahuatl languages		nym		Nyamwezi		pon		Pohnpeian
nai		North American Indian		nyn		Nyankole		por	pt	Portuguese
nap		Neapolitan		nyo		Nyoro		pra		Prakrit languages
nau	na	Nauru		nzi		Nzima		pro		Provençal, Old (to 1500)
nav	nv	Navajo; Navaho		oci	oc	Occitan (post 1500); Provençal		pus	ps	Pushto
nbl	nr	Ndebele, South; South Ndebele		oji	oj	Ojibwa		qaa-qtz		Reserved for local use
nde	nd	Ndebele, North; North Ndebele		ori	or	Oriya		que	qu	Quechua
ndo	ng	Ndonga		orm	om	Oromo		raj		Rajasthani
nds		Low German; Low Saxon; German, Low; Saxon, Low		osa		Osage		rap		Rapanui
nep	ne	Nepali		oss	os	Ossetian; Ossetic		rar		Rarotongan; Cook Islands Maori
new		Nepal Bhasa; Newari		ota		Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928)		roa		Romance (Other)
nia		Nias		oto		Otomian languages		roh	rm	Romansh
rom		Romany		sin	si	Sinhala; Sinhalese		scc/srp	sr	Serbian
rum/ron	ro	Romanian		sio		Siouan languages		srr		Serer
rum/ron	ro	Romanian		sit		Sino-Tibetan (Other)		ssa		Nilo-Saharan (Other)
run	rn	Rundi		sla		Slavic (Other)		ssw	ss	Swati
rup		Aromanian; Arumanian; Macedo-Romanian		slo/slk	sk	Slovak		suk		Sukuma
rus	ru	Russian		slo/slk	sk	Slovak		sun	su	Sundanese
sad		Sandawe		slv	sl	Slovenian		sus		Susu
sag	sg	Sango		sma		Southern Sami		sux		Sumerian
sah		Yakut		sme	se	Northern Sami		swa	sw	Swahili
sai		South American Indian (Other)		smi		Sami languages (Other)		swe	sv	Swedish
sal		Salishan languages		smj		Lule Sami		syc		Classical Syriac
sam		Samaritan Aramaic		smn		Inari Sami		syr		Syriac
san	sa	Sanskrit		smo	sm	Samoan		tah	ty	Tahitian
sas		Sasak		sms		Skolt Sami		tai		Tai (Other)
sat		Santali		sna	sn	Shona		tam	ta	Tamil
scc/srp	sr	Serbian		snd	sd	Sindhi		tat	tt	Tatar
scn		Sicilian		snk		Soninke		tel	te	Telugu
sco		Scots		sog		Sogdian		tem		Timne
scr/hrv	hr	Croatian		som	so	Somali		ter		Tereno
sel		Selkup		son		Songhai languages		tet		Tetum
sem		Semitic (Other)		sot	st	Sotho, Southern		tgk	tg	Tajik
sga		Irish, Old (to 900)		spa	es	Spanish; Castilian		tgl	tl	Tagalog
sgn		Sign Languages		alb/sqi	sq	Albanian		tha	th	Thai
shn		Shan		srd	sc	Sardinian		tib/bod	bo	Tibetan
sid		Sidamo		srn		Sranan Tongo		tig		Tigre
tir	ti	Tigrinya		tyv		Tuvinian		wen		Sorbian languages
tiv		Tiv		udm		Udmurt		wln	wa	Walloon
tkl		Tokelau		uga		Ugaritic		wol	wo	Wolof
tlh		Klingon; tlhIngan-Hol		uig	ug	Uighur; Uyghur		xal		Kalmyk; Oirat
tli		Tlingit		ukr	uk	Ukrainian		xho	xh	Xhosa
tmh		Tamashek		umb		Umbundu		yao		Yao
tog		Tonga (Nyasa)		und		Undetermined		yap		Yapese
ton	to	Tonga (Tonga Islands)		urd	ur	Urdu		yid	yi	Yiddish
tpi		Tok Pisin		uzb	uz	Uzbek		yor	yo	Yoruba
tsi		Tsimshian		vai		Vai		ypk		Yupik languages
tsn	tn	Tswana		ven	ve	Venda		zap		Zapotec
tso	ts	Tsonga		vie	vi	Vietnamese		zen		Zenaga
tuk	tk	Turkmen		vol	vo	Volapük		zha	za	Zhuang; Chuang
tum		Tumbuka		vot		Votic		chi/zho	zh	Chinese
tup		Tupi languages		wak		Wakashan languages		znd		Zande languages
tur	tr	Turkish		wal		Walamo		zul	zu	Zulu
tut		Altaic (Other)		war		Waray		zun		Zuni
tvl		Tuvalu		was		Washo		zxx		No linguistic content
twi	tw	Twi		wel/cym	cy	Welsh		zza		Zaza; Dimili; Dimli; Kirdki; Kirmanjki; Zazaki